ABSTRACT
A retrospective study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 at Modjo veterinary clinic in East Shoa zone, Oromia region, central Ethiopia with the aim of evaluating the current rational use of veterinary drugs on live stock. In this study, a total of 1660 drug products were prescribed for a total of 1500 randomly selected animal patients. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 1.11 with maximum of three. The percentage of antimicrobials and anthelmintic encountered were 60.41% (1003/1660) and 35.24% (585/1660), respectively. The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials were oxytetracycline 864 (52.04%), penicillin and streptomycin combination 136 (8.19%) and anthelmintics were ivermectine 560(33.7%) and albendazole 17(1.02%). Among all patients admitted to Modjo veterinary clinic 98.2% were treated empirically, without getting correct definitive (laboratory supported) diagnosis. Antimicrobials were prescribed irrationally for cases which were tentatively diagnosed as parasitic 8.6%. Besides, anthelmintics were prescribed irrationally for cases which were tentatively diagnosed as bacteria 28.7% and viral 3.8%. The finding has shown problems in generic prescribing,incorrect diagnosis, over use of drug and misuse of drugs. Therefore improve availability of key essential drugs on stock through good drug supply management to reduce misuse of drugs and therapeutic failure is recommended.
ABSTRACT
A cross- sectional study was conducted in and around Bahir Dar, from November, 2016 to April, 2017 to estimate the prevalence of major ixodidea ticks on bovine and to identify ticks on the species level. Study animals were selected randomly. Out of the total of 384 cattle examined, 157(40.9 %) were found to be infested. About 822 adult ticks were collected both sides of animal body parts, then preserved with 70% alcohol within universal bottle and were identified to species level by using stereo-microscope. From the total ticks collected, four genera and species namely; Amblyomma varigatum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus evertsis and Hyalomma marginatu were identified and account for 45.3, 22.9, 15.8 and 17.03%, respectively. From different variables (sex, age, breed and body condition), body condition and predilection sites were statistically significant with tick infestation (p< 0.05). The prevalence of tick infestation was found highest in poor body condition animals (16.9%) while in medium and good body condition, it was found (14.58%) and (9.36%), respectively. It has also been evident that the favorable predilection sites of A.varigatum ticks were preferred scrotum/udder and pernial region. B.decoloratus preferred dewlap, scrotum/udder and Rh.evertis had a strong affinity on anus, dewlap and tail tip. H.marginatum the perineum region and dewlaps were its hiding sites. From this study we can make a conclusion that the prevalent ticks could also be responsible for transmission of tick borne diseases in addition to their physical damage
ABSTRACT
A cross- sectional study was conducted from October, 2016 to April, 2017 to identify and determine the major diseases and pathological conditions of organ condemnation and to estimate the magnitude of the direct financial losses attributed to the condemned organs from cattle slaughtered in the Hayik municipal abattoir. From a total of 384 animals, 61(15.88%) of animals antemortem inspection showed some clinical sign that were assumed as minor and attention was paid at postmortem examination of these animals. During post postmortem examination from 384 slaughtered animal liver 72 (18.75%) followed by lung 25 (6.5%), heart 17(4.4%), kidneys 18(4.68%) and tongue 18(4.68%) were rejected due to various causes. The main causes of organ condemnation were fasciolosis 24(33.33%) followed by calcification, abscess and hydrated cyst 12(16.67%), 12(16.67%) and 9(12.5%) respectively. An attempt also made to estimate the direct financial losses due to condemnation of edible organs during meat inspection. Consequently, annual direct financial loss from organ condemnation was estimated to be 3,736,231.25 Ethiopian Birr. The study identified the parasitic disease as major causes of organ condemnation. Therefore, creation of awareness on animal attendants and/or cattle owners and abattoir workers about the effect of parasites and safe disposal of condemned organs must be made and recommended as the findings showed that the rate of organ condemnation at the abattoir is very high which signifies the need for rapid disease control programs to be implemented